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5There may be costs associated with applying that may not be insignificant for someone living in Iran.– Azor Ahai -him-Commented Aug 18, 2021 at 18:23
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6@AzorAhai-him- Can you explain more? OP says "application fees and other costs". I'm not aware of any European country that has application fees for a PhD program. A brief Google search brought forward that some US universities seems to have them...– lighthouse keeperCommented Aug 18, 2021 at 18:39
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1@lighthousekeeper I'm not sure what else there is to elaborate on. I don't know which/if any EU/Dutch universities have fees (or tests that cost money in order to apply), but they will be a larger percentage of an average Iranian's income than a Dutch person's.– Azor Ahai -him-Commented Aug 18, 2021 at 19:06
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3@AzorAhai-him- If there is no application fee, then it will not be "a larger percentage of an average Iranian's income than a Dutch person's" — they are both 0%.– EarthliŋCommented Aug 20, 2021 at 7:33
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1There are no university programmes or positions with application fees in the Netherlands.– ServaesCommented Aug 20, 2021 at 10:43
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