I believe that user Jess Stone's answer does not directly apply to Windows 8, accordant with this:
As per the issue description you are unable to view the desktop alert options in the desktop alert window on Windows 8 operating system.
If Outlook 2013 is running on Windows 8 the mail alert becomes a standard Windows 8 notification. This is by design. The Delete, Flag and other options are gone, possibly because such things aren’t supported in Windows 8 notifications.
If you're on Windows 8 or 8.1, then as per this answer, you must select the notification time with Ease of Centre, which this article explains pictorially with helpful screenshots.