EDIT 1: I've found an article about a similar problem with VirtualBox shared folders.
EDIT 2: I've learned that boltd is started by systemd/udev, so I tried modifying my /etc/fstab entry to look like this:
UUID=cb9940d0-5b0b-4273-97d7-b4dd29768926 /opt ext4 x-systemd.requires=systemd-udevd.service,rw,relatime 0 2
My hope was that this would make this mount unit depend on udev (and therefore boltd) before starting. Unfortunately, this did not change anything that I could see.