Another way, using the PresentationCore assembly:

Add-Type -AssemblyName PresentationCore
[Windows.Media.Fonts]::SystemFontFamilies | Select-Object -Property Source

(tested on Windows 10)

Fonts Class (System.Windows.Media)
FontFamily Class (System.Windows.Media)
Using Static Classes and Methods - PowerShell

Another way, using the PresentationCore assembly:

Add-Type -AssemblyName PresentationCore
[Windows.Media.Fonts]::SystemFontFamilies | Select-Object -Property Source

(tested on Windows 10)

• Fonts Class (System.Windows.Media)
• FontFamily Class (System.Windows.Media)
• Using Static Classes and Methods - PowerShell