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These values would have been zero before the iface was brought up
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halfer
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sudo cat /proc/net/dev

Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
 face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
enp0s3:    2360       4    0    0    0     0          0         0     2170      14    0    0    0     0       0          0
enp0s8:    1007   0       7    0    0    0     0          0         0     1410   0   11    0    0    0    0     0       0          0
    lo:       0       0    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0    0    0    0     0       0          0
sudo cat /proc/net/dev

Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
 face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
enp0s3:    2360       4    0    0    0     0          0         0     2170      14    0    0    0     0       0          0
enp0s8:    1007       7    0    0    0     0          0         0     1410      11    0    0    0     0       0          0
    lo:       0       0    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0    0    0    0     0       0          0
sudo cat /proc/net/dev

Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
 face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
enp0s3:    2360       4    0    0    0     0          0         0     2170      14    0    0    0     0       0          0
enp0s8:       0       7    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0    0    0    0     0       0          0
    lo:       0       0    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0    0    0    0     0       0          0
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halfer
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A helpful set of comments from @Zina has helped me dig into the issue.

First of all I confirmed that two network adapters were available, even though they were not up:

sudo cat /proc/net/dev

Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
 face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
enp0s3:    2360       4    0    0    0     0          0         0     2170      14    0    0    0     0       0          0
enp0s8:    1007       7    0    0    0     0          0         0     1410      11    0    0    0     0       0          0
    lo:       0       0    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0    0    0    0     0       0          0

I then added this simple /etc/network/interfaces to bring everything up using DHCP:

auto lo

auto enp0s3
iface enp0s3 inet dhcp

auto enp0s8
iface enp0s8 inet dhcp

Now we are getting somewhere with ifconfig:

enp0s3: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 10.0.2.15  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 10.0.2.255
        inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe00:6ca9  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 08:00:27:00:6c:a9  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 4  bytes 2360 (2.3 KB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 16  bytes 2310 (2.3 KB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

enp0s8: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.43.105  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.43.255
        inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe9e:4ec0  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 08:00:27:9e:4e:c0  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 14  bytes 1427 (1.4 KB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 13  bytes 1550 (1.5 KB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

I can then do a ifconfig in both VMs to find the IP of each, so that one can be pinged from the other.

I am not sure why the first network adapter is brought up automatically with an empty interfaces file, but the second one is not. Moreover, my GUI VM only references the loopback adapter in the interfaces file, but seems to bring up both network devices automatically.