No.Not according to the documentation
According to the Storage Spaces in Windows 10 documentation you need at least 2 extra drives in addition to the one Windows is installed on.
What do I need to create a storage space?
You need at least two extra drives (in addition to the drive where Windows is installed). These drives can be internal or external hard drives, or solid state drives. You can use a variety of types of drives with Storage Spaces, including USB, SATA, and SAS drives
The corresponding New-StoragePool PowerShell command "creates a new storage pool using a group of physical disks exposed by a specific storage subsystem" indicatingindicates physical disks rather than partitions are not validmust be used.
-PhysicalDisks
Accepts one or more PhysicalDisk objects as input. The Physical Disk CIM objects represent the physical disks to be added to the storage pool.