In addition to the answer austinmarton gave, you can run

lsusb -v -d VPID | grep -i interface

where VPID is the vendor/product ID reported in lsusb. For example:

$ lsusb -v -d 1234:5678 | grep -i interface
Couldn't open device, some information will be missing
  bDeviceClass            0 (Defined at Interface level)
    bNumInterfaces          1
    Interface Descriptor:
      bInterfaceNumber        0
      bInterfaceClass         8 Mass Storage
      bInterfaceSubClass      6 SCSI
      bInterfaceProtocol     80 Bulk-Only
      iInterface              6 

Notice that the only bInterfaceProtocol value listed is 80 Bulk-Only. This device would not be a UASP-configured device. However, if you see an additional bInterfaceProtocol 98, this would be a UASP-configured device.

These values are given in decimal, but the spec refers to them by their hex values...

50h (80d): USB Mass Storage Class Bulk-Only (BBB) Transport
62h (98d): Allocated by USB-IF for UAS. 

This information can be found in the Mass Storage Specification on usb.org, section 3 Protocol Codes, Table 2 — Mass Storage Transport Protocol.

I'm not sure if this answers your first or second questions, though, since it's unclear if this value would be reported on both machines/devices that do support UASP and those that do not.

In addition to the answer austinmarton gave, you can run

lsusb -v -d VPID | grep -i interface

where VPID is the vendor/product ID reported in lsusb. For example:

$ lsusb -v -d 1234:5678 | grep -i interface
Couldn't open device, some information will be missing
  bDeviceClass            0 (Defined at Interface level)
    bNumInterfaces          1
    Interface Descriptor:
      bInterfaceNumber        0
      bInterfaceClass         8 Mass Storage
      bInterfaceSubClass      6 SCSI
      bInterfaceProtocol     80 Bulk-Only
      iInterface              6 

Notice that the only bInterfaceProtocol value listed is 80 Bulk-Only. This device would not be a UASP-configured device. However, if you see an additional bInterfaceProtocol 98, this would be a UASP-configured device.

These values are given in decimal, but the spec refers to them by their hex values...

50h (80d): USB Mass Storage Class Bulk-Only (BBB) Transport
62h (98d): Allocated by USB-IF for UAS. 

This information can be found in the Mass Storage Specification on usb.org, section 3 Protocol Codes, Table 2 — Mass Storage Transport Protocol.

I'm not sure if this answers your first or second questions, though, since it's unclear if this value would be reported on both machines/devices that do support UASP and those that do not.