Firstly: you can download the Windows 10 Installation media from the windows website directly. You will need to use a friend's computer to do this. You can then use the media creation tool to create an installation DVD or USB.
Secondly: Windows 10 sometimes shows errors like this on boot if it has recently downloaded a new update and there was not enough space on the C:\ partition to install the update during a system restart. The only option is to reformat the drive and reinstall Windows 10 - the Activation Key will be stored online by Windows, so you will not need this as long as you were using Genuine Windows.
I hope you had a backup of your data... Otherwise there are a number of ways you may be able to recover your files: by removing the drive from the computer and connecting it to another before formattingformatting; by booting into Ubuntu from a USB drive; or by using a Windows Installation Disk to access the files via the "load drivers" button in the "repair" option.
Good luck!